Traductions/Glossaire
Si vous cherchez le glossaire des termes souvent utilisés par La Quadrature, c'est PAR ICI !
Hello, and thanks for taking the time to look up this page. It intends to be a useful resource to help you translate La Quadrature texts and answer most immediate questions you might have while you translate.Style Guide
- Shorter is better. This is general rule, not a hard one. But keeping our texts short is highly desirable, as many people won't have the time or the courage to read long texts.
- French sentences tends to be longer than their English equivalent: because of the “coefficient de foisonnement”, French is 20% longer than English, on average.
- If you are a person of French-background translating to English, remember to make shorter sentences than you normally would. English doesn't like very long sentences with many clauses as much as French does.
- We settle on British English, not American English.
- This entails "defence" rather than "defense", "authorise" rather "authorize", "favour" rather than "favor", etc.
- Dates are in the format Day Month Year (US English would use MDY), example: 1 April 1984
- I'd be in favour of using YEAR-MM-DD for dates entirely in numbers ~axx
- French dates are the same format, but months are not capitalised : 1er avril 1984
- Avoid contractions in written text: “they are” rather “they're”. “Doesn't” is usually fine.
- Opening press release location and dates are in the following format:
- Paris, 1 April 1984
- Not all France-specific material is translated. The stuff that is translated to English is considered useful to an international audience. It is worth keeping this in mind when translating, so as to contextualise the meaning: translating is adapting.
- Therefore, one should avoid simply translating “Assemblée Nationale” to “National Assembly”, which has no specific meaning in English.
- It is better to opt for something such as “Assemblée Nationale (lower house of French Parliament)” or ”the lower house of French Parliament (Assemblée Nationale)”.
- The italics are good practice, they help clearly mark the fact it is a foreign term.
- Accents (and diacritics in general) are not optional on French upper case letters.
- Ç, É, À, È, Ê are here to copy paste, should you need them.
- Typography and punctuation: English doesn't use (non-break) spaces before the following symbols, whereas French does:
- ! ? ; :
Tips
If you can't find a word here, a useful trick is to find the untranslated term on Wikipedia (say, in French) then look at how the corresponding article in the other language (say, English) is titled, or calls the term.
ie: Conseil d'État ? --> https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d'%C3%89tat_(France) --> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France) --> “In France, the Council of State (French: Conseil d'État…)” --> English: Council of State.
Using Linguee and looking for translations from proper multilingual institutions (European Parliament, European Commission, Québec institutions) is another solution.
Glossary of common terms
Please double and triple check before adding something <3
Français | English | Commentaires/Comments | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abroger, annuler (une loi) | To repeal, to abrogate (less common though, prefer repeal) | L'abrogation : the repeal | ||||
Accuser (juridique) | to charge (someone with murder) | |||||
Amicus curiae | Amicus brief | Or the filer of an amicus brief (who is literally the friend of the court) | ||||
Apologie | Apology | Attention : "apology for" = excuse; "apology of" = apologie (donc on dira "apology of terrorism") | ||||
Assemblée Nationale | French National Assembly | From time to time, put in footnote (<fn>) French lower legislative house | ||||
Assignation à résidence | House arrest | |||||
Attaquer (en justice) | to take to court, to challenge | to challenge is more about challenging the legality of the law, usually | ||||
Atteinte (au droit de ...) | Violation, infringement, encroachment | |||||
Autorités nationales de protection des données | Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) | |||||
Avis | Opinion | Avis défavorable = Adverse opinion; avis favorable = unqualified opinion; avis réservé = qualified opinion | ||||
Ayant-droits | Rights-holder, assignee | |||||
Bande-passante | bandwidth | |||||
Besoin d'en connaître | Need-to-know | D'où des expressions du genre « connaître des motifs de la demande », qui n'a pas le même sens que « connaître les motifs de la demande ».
administrative blockage of websites | ||||
Censurer | To reject (legal), or censure (more rarely, censor) | Attention, lorsque les juristes disent par exemple que le conseil constitutionnel a censuré une mesure législative, cela ne se traduira pas par censure ou censor, mais "reject" ! | ||||
Champ d'application | (material) scope | |||||
Chiffrement de bout en bout | end-to-end encryption | |||||
Code de la sécurité intérieure | Internal Security Code | |||||
Commission | committee | Une commission au sens de groupe de travail, y compris de groupe de travail du Parlement européen (JURI, ITRE, etc.), qui dans ce cas est donc Committee of the European Parliament. | ||||
Commission Européenne | European Commission | bien noter la différence avec le terme de « commission » seul, ci-dessus | ||||
Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale | Consultative commission for national defence secrets | |||||
Commission Mixte Paritaire | Joint parliamentary committee — a joint parliamentary committee responsible for reaching a compromise between the lower and upper house — | In the USA this would be called a resolution committee. Translating by Commission Mixte Paritaire is ok with a footnote to explain | ||||
Commission nationale de contrôle des techniques de renseignement | National Oversight Commission for Intelligence-Gathering Techniques | /!\"monitoring" = "contrôle" au sens de surveillance/observation, pas au sens de contrôle administratif. Poétique, mais contre-sens). Sinon, la BBC dit aussi "National Commission for Control of Intelligence Techniques" (cf [1]. Oversight préférable dans la mesure où c'est le terme qui désigne le mieux la fonction de la CNCTR) | ||||
Concurrence | Competition | |||||
Condamner | to sentence | |||||
Consacrer (un droit) | To enshrine | |||||
Conseil d'Etat | French Council of State (or Conseil d'État) | |||||
Conseil constitutionnel | (French) Constitutional Council | |||||
Conseil européen | European Council | The European Council is the Institution of the European Union (EU) that comprises the heads of state or government of the member states, along with the council's own president and the president of the Commission. (wikipedia) | ||||
Conseil de l'Union européenne | Council of the European Union | |||||
Conseil de l'Europe | Council of Europe | The Council of Europe is a regional intergovernmental organisation which promotes human rights, democracy and the rule of law in its 47 member states (Wikipedia) | ||||
Considérant (en début d'un texte juridique) | recital | |||||
Contrôleur européen de la protection des données | European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) | |||||
Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme | European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) | |||||
Cour de justice de l'Union européenne | European Court of Justice (ECJ) | |||||
Décret | decree | décret d'application d'une loi : implementing decree | ||||
Délégation de signature | Delegation of Signature Authority | |||||
Demande d'intervention | to ask for leave to intervene | |||||
Déposer un amendement | to table an amendment | |||||
Déposer une plainte | To lodge/file a complaint | To lodge a complaint before the ECtHR, for instance | ||||
Déposer (ex : des écritures) devant une cour | Submit or File (ex: documents) with a court/jurisdiction/tribunal/you name it | |||||
Député | MP (Member of Parliament) | et pas “deputy” | ||||
Déréférencement | Delinking | |||||
Dérive | ?? | terme qui revient souvent, essayer de paraphraser et éviter “drift” | ||||
DGSE | French foreign intelligence services | acronym for the General Directorate for External Security | ||||
Disposition | Provision | http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/provision | ||||
Données de connexion | Traffic data or Metadata | PAS CONNECTION DATA ! | ||||
droit commun | Domestic Law | |||||
droit à l'image | image (reproduction) rights, right of publicity | Tricky, depends on the context | ||||
droit d'auteur | copyright | Attention : on traduit le plus souvent droit d'auteur par copyright, mais de manière stricte, les deux concepts sont différents. Parfois : authors rights | ||||
droits voisins | Ancillary rights OR related rights | A small distinction here: "ancillary" rights are ones which support the principal one, whereas "related" rights are ones with a thematic relationship | ||||
Encadrer (ex : le développement d'une pratique) | To regulate (ex: the activities of...) | |||||
Entrée en vigueur | Coming into force | The law came into force | ||||
Eurodéputé·e | MEP (Member of the European Parliament) | Use the full version the first time, then just “MEP” in the rest of the text | ||||
Ès qualités | In [their] official capacity | |||||
État de droit | Rule of Law | |||||
Exégètes amateurs | Exégètes | "Exegesis" existe en anglais et pour cela nous permet de conserver le nom propre (perhaps better "amateur pundits" (somewhat demeaning)?) | ||||
Hébergeur | Hosting (service) provider | |||||
Ingérence | Encroachment (on freedom of ...) | |||||
Intégrité du territoire | Territorial integrity | c'est une expression, ne pas chercher à traduire par "integrity of the territory" ou assimilé | ||||
Judiciaire | Judicial | |||||
Libertés | In the context of LQdN, usually "civil liberties", not "freedoms" or "civil rights" | |||||
Liberté de panorama | Freedom of panorama (FOP) | Exception au droit d'auteur par laquelle il est permis de reproduire une œuvre protégée se trouvant dans l'espace public | ||||
Contentieux | Litigation | |||||
Loi Numérique | French Digital Law *or Bill until it has been adopted!* | |||||
Loi de Programmation Militaire | The Military Programming Act, the law providing for France's defence and military legal framework for 2014-2018 | |||||
Loi Renseignement | Surveillance Law or Intelligence Law | |||||
Mémoire (juridique) | (Legal) brief | On dit "to submit a brief" | ||||
Mémoire en défense | Statement of defen**c**e | |||||
Mémoire en réplique | (Legal) brief (replying to the grounds and arguments [set forth]) | |||||
Ministre de l'intérieur | Interior Minister | |||||
Obligé | obligated | /!\ "obliged" signifie "obligé" au sens the "redevable" ("mille mercis, je suis votre obligé"); "obligated" signifie "obligé" au sens d'"astreint à une obligation" (that is, "required to"; et "dutied" veut dire "soumis à une taxe d'importation", alors n'essayez même pas). | ||||
Ordonnance de blocage (par un juge) | (the judge's) blocking order, (US) injunction against | |||||
Parlementaire | Parliamentarian | Ou plus simplement, MP | - | Pédopornographie | /!\ **Child pornography** | PAS pedopornography ! Pas “child porn”. Child abuse material ou depictions of child abuse permet de rappeler que ce sont avant tout des représentations de maltraitance. |
Perquisition | House search | |||||
Personnes concernées (donnees personelles) | Data subject, persons concerned | |||||
Piratage | DO NOT USE Piracy. Prefer illegal sharing of copyrighted material or modify the sentence | Piratage est à éviter car il laisse entendre une pratique illégale alors qu'il s'agit juste de partage d'œuvres dont on a interdit le partage | ||||
Premier ministre | Prime minister (ou PM) | |||||
Procédure judiciaire | Legal proceeding(s) | Judiciaire = civil ou pénal, pas administratif | ||||
« procédure législative ordinaire » | the ordinary legislative procedure | |||||
Projet de loi | Bill | |||||
Proposer (un amendement) | To propose (an amendment) | To "table" a bill or amendment can mean to postpone consideration | ||||
Qualité à agir (avoir ...) | To have standing | |||||
Question prioritaire de consitutionalité | Priority Preliminary rulings on the issue of constitutionality (QPC) | We need to translate the wikipedia article. This translation is according to the English version of the website of the French Constitutional Council. Alternatively we can put in footnote: The QPC is a French Constitutional Law procedure allowing persons involved in a pending case to ask the Constitutional council to control the constitutionality of the laws relating to the case at hand. | ||||
Raison d'État | reason of state | |||||
Recours | Possibility to bring a case/an action *before* a court, right to judicial redress | Before, not in front | ||||
Recours au fond | Judgement as a matter of law | |||||
Recours en annulation | Appeal for annulment | |||||
Référé en suspension | Suspensive judgment | (US) "temporary injunction"? | ||||
Renvoi préjudiciel | Preliminary rulings | |||||
Responsable de traitement (données personnelles) | Controller | |||||
Retiré, retirer (le projet de loi a été ...) | The bill was withdrawn | |||||
Saisir une cour/tribunal/juridiction | to lodge a complaint with ..., ou to bring a case before ..., ou refer to the court | |||||
Secret de la Défense nationale | Security clearance; classified | "Être habilité au secret de la Défense nationale" = have/hold a security clearance, be security-cleared (NB: ne pas chercher à traduire "défense nationale" dans le cadre de cette expression). "Couvert par le secret de la Défense nationale" = classified (as a national defence secret) | ||||
Sénat | French Senate | Same remark as for French National Assembly | ||||
Sous-traitant | Processor | Dans le cadre du champ d'application territorial du réglement sur les données personnelles (GDPR) | ||||
Sous peine de nullité | [...], failing which it would be void | |||||
Traitement | Processing | Et non "process" | ||||
Traitement automatisé | Automatic processing | |||||
Trilogue | Trialogue | Procédure de négociation européenne à trois parties (ie : dialogue à trois) | ||||
Utilisateur(s) final(s) | end-user(s) | Dans le contexte de la neutralité du Net. Attention à bien mettre finals au pluriel, c'est un terme juridique. | ||||
Versé au contadictoire | Made available to the parties to the dispute | |||||
Vie privée | Privacy | Or private sphere? | ||||
Voie de recours judiciaire | a judicial remedy | |||||
Voter (accepté) | To adopt, to approve | |||||
Voter (rejeté) | To reject, to vote down | |||||
Zero-rating | Zero-rating | Need to translate the wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-rating | ||||
Réflexion citoyenne | Engaged citizenship | |||||
Sécuritaire | ??? | DO NOT use securitarian as isn't a real word. Try to bypass it or rephrase | ||||
Société de gestion collective (de droits) | Collecting society / Copyright collective | Contexte de société de gestion collective de droits d'auteurs (SPRD) |